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Potential Application of Metabolomics on the Impacts of Underwater Noise on Marine Life21Marine Research of the National Academy of Marine ResearchDOI: 10.29677/MR.202406_4(1).0002 The escalating prevalence of anthropogenic underwater noise, chiefly from human endeavors, presents a substantial menace to marine ecosystems (Peng et al., 2015; Duarte et al., 2021). Recent investigations have illuminated the adverse effects of noise pollution on the growth, physiology, and behavior of diverse fish species(Fewtrell & McCauley, 2012; Nedelec et al., 2016). Significantly, noise generated by vessels has beenassociated with heightened oxidative stress and inhibited growth in juvenile fish (Faria et al., 2022; Guh et al., 2021), while adult fish exhibit behaviors indicative of energy-intensive vigilance or anti-predatory responses, which interfere with their foraging activities (van der Knaap et al., 2022; Williams et al., 2021). Furthermore, noise emanating from marine instrumentation detrimentally impacts the swimming behavior and immune capabilities of species such as Micropterus salmoides (Hang et al., 2021). These studies underscore the critical role of metabolomics in clarifying the intricate biological phenomena associated with exposure to anthropogenic noise. By providing detailed insights into metabolic alterations in marine organisms, metabolomics significantly furthers our understanding of the extensive ecological impacts of underwater noise pollution. Integrating metabolomics into the study of these effects heralds a pioneering perspective. Metabolomics, entailing the exhaustive analysis of metabolites in body fluids or tissues, elucidates the dynamic organismal responses to environmental stressors (Nicholson et al., 1999). For instance, in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma), exposure to elevated concentrations of sulfamethazine perturbed amino acid metabolism in liver tissues (Liu et al., 2018). On physiological responses, metabolomic analyses have unveiled significant alterations in metabolic pathways. In estuarine anchovy (Coilia nasus), chronic exposure to stress was linkedto downregulation of antioxidant capacity and immune response (Wang et al., 2021). The recent advent of multiomics analytical approaches, amalgamating histological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic methodologies, has substantially advanced our comprehension of stress responses in aquatic animals. A combined histological and multi-omics analysis on zebrafish exposed to the combined toxicity of tebuconazole and difenoconazole offered an enriched understanding of the stress impacts on adult zebrafish (Jiang et al., 2021). Zhang et al. (2022) utilized multi-omics analysis to explore the liver metabolic response of hybrid sturgeon exposed to continuous ship noise for 12 hours. Using high-throughput transcriptomic and metabolomic techniques, fish livers were examined thoroughly. The results showed 588 genes with differential expression and 58 altered metabolites. Integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome revealed that apoptosis and cell motility were enhanced under noise stress, whereas processes such as DNA replication, RNA transcription, translation, and protein synthesis were diminished. Additionally, metabolic pathways related to lipids, nucleotides, and Vitamin D3 experienced suppression. The activation of specific immune responses maintained essential immunological functions. Moreover, the enhanced regulation of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolic pathways supported the organism's material and energy demands in response to noise stress.4 EXAMPLES OF METABOLONOMICS IN ASSESSINGIMPACTS ON AQUATIC SPECIES